Second declension
From Indo-European Languages
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The Stem of nouns of the Second Declension ends in sonant and consonant, that is: -n, -r, (rarely -l, -m), -s and occlusive (especially -t).
Contents |
The Paradigm
The flexion of the animates is substantially the same as that of the First Declension.
The Nominative ending is -s (with occlusive, and -m, -l), but there is also a Nominative singular with pure stem vowel (declension -Ø and lengthened ending vowel), so that the full-grade Vocative is differentiated. And there is no confusion in Nom./Gen., as -s has a different vowel grade (Nom. -s, Gen. -es or -os)
Europaio nouns of the Second Declension have thus two models:
| Occlusiv, -m, -l | -r, -n, -s | |
| NOM. | -s | -Ø (long vowel) |
| ACC. | -m ['m] | -m ['m] |
| VOC. | -Ø | -Ø (full grade) |
| GEN. | - (e/o)s | |
| OBL. | -i/-ei | |
Inanimates have pure vowel stems with different vocalic grades. In nouns there can be no confusion at all, as they are different words, but the neuter adjectives could be mistaken in Nominative or Vocative Animate. Distinction is thus obtained with vocalism, so in animate -on / inanimate -on, animate -es / inanimate -es (neuter nouns with -s theme are in -os).
In Occlusive, -m, -l
Nominative Singular Animate in -s; as in pods/peds, bhrghs [bh'rghs], donts/dents
Accusative Singular Animate in -[']m; as in podm [po:d'm] / pedm [ped'm], bhrghm [bh'rgh'm], dontm [do:nt'm] / dentm [dent'm]
Vocative Singular Animate in -Ø; a sin pod/ped, bhrgh, dont/dent
The Nom.-Acc.-Voc. Singular Inanimate in -Ø, with various vocalisms; as in krd [k'rd]
Genitive Singular in -e/os; as in podos/podos, pedes/pedes, dontos/dontos, dentes/dentes, bhrghos
Oblique Singular in -i, -ei: podi, donti
| m. ped | m. dont | n. krd | |
| NOM. | peds | donts | krd |
| ACC. | pedm | dontm | krd |
| VOC. | ped | dont | krd |
| GEN. | pedes | dontos | krdos |
| OBL. | pedi | donti | krdi |
In -r, -n, -s
Nominative Singular Animate in -Ø (with lengthened vowel); as in mater, kwon.
Stems in -s, ndher-genes (degenerate); lat. pubes, honos, honor
Accusative Singular Animate in -[']m; as in materm [ma:ter'm], kwonm [kwon'm], ndheregenesm [ndhergenes'm]; lat. honosm
Vocative Singular Animate in -Ø (with full vowel); as in mater, kuon
The Nom.-Acc.-Voc. Singular Inanimate in -Ø; as in nomn [nom'n], genes.
The adjectives in -s have the neuter in -es: eugenes
Genitive Singular in -e/os; as in matres/matros, kunes/kunos, nomnes [nom'nes] / nomnos [nom'nos]
Nouns and adjectives in -s have an e, not an o, as the final stem vowel: geneses, eugeneos
Oblique Singular in -ei, -i: materi, kwoni
| m. kwon | f. mater | n. genes | n. nomn | |
| NOM. | kwon | mater | genes | nomn |
| ACC. | kwonm | materm | genes | nomn |
| VOC. | kwon | mater | genes | nomn |
| GEN. | kuno/es | matre/os | geneses | nomne/os |
| OBL. | kwoni | materi | genesi | nomni |
| adj.m. ndhergen- | |
| NOM. | ndhergenes |
| ACC. | ndhergenesm |
| VOC. | ndhergenes |
| GEN. | ndhergeneses |
| OBL. | ndhergenesi |
The Plural
This is the general plural system
| Animate | Inanimate | |
| NOM. | -es | -a, -a |
| ACC. | -ms ['ms] | |
| VOC. | -es | |
| GEN. | - om, -em | |
| OBL. | -bhis, -bhos; -mis, -mos; -si | |
Note. For more information on the general Plural system, see First Declension
| f. mater | m. dont | n. genes | n. nomn | |
| NOM. | materes | dontes | genesa | nomna |
| ACC. | materms* | dontms | genesa | nomna |
| VOC. | materes | dontes | genesa | nomna |
| GEN. | matrom | dontom | genesom | nomnom |
| OBL. | materbhos | dontsu | genesmis | nomnbhis |
- materms or materms
See Also
Reference
- Quiles Casas, Carlos, Europaio: A Brief Grammar of the European Language, Vol. 1, Dnghu, 2006, ISBN 84-689-7727-6
